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Description:

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a man-made version of the hormone in the human body that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Erythropoietin EPO is a naturally occurring hormone, produced by the kidneys, which stimulates the body to produce more red blood cells) When administered to a human it stimulates greater RBC production. It was developed for treating the reduction in red blood cells (RBC) that comes with kidney disease, HIV, cancer and those undergoing surgery. The use of EPO was classified as banned by the International Olympic Committee in 1990.

The increase in red blood cells causes an increase in the number of hemoglobin molecules per unit blood. Hemoglobin is the primary molecule that carries oxygen in the blood. More oxygen in the blood allows more oxygen to be delivered to the exercising muscles. Studies have shown that blocking hemoglobin causes a reduction in exercise performance, or adding hemoglobin causes a clear increase in exercise performance.

EPO is taken by IV or subcutaneous injection. For sport use, the dosage is usually 20-40IU/kg 3 times/week with no "loading" phase.

Side Effects: 

With EPO use the most common side effect appears to be an increase in blood pressure. This increase is not explained by increased hematocrit and presumed viscosity, but may be direct effect of the hormone on blood vessels, causing constriction. This constriction could possibly have very serious side effects, including death. It has been suggested that between 1987 and 1990, 19 Dutch and Belgian cyclists died from suspected misuse of EPO.